Uruganda ruvanze rwa asfalt wongeyeho imashini zifasha zirashobora kurangiza inzira yo kubyara umusaruro wa beto ya asfalt ivuye mubikoresho fatizo kugeza kubikoresho byarangiye. Kamere yacyo ihwanye nuruganda ruto. Kubyerekeranye nibikorwa byose byumusaruro wa asfalt, turavuga muri make ibintu bigira ingaruka kumiterere yumusaruro muri 4M1E dukurikije uburyo gakondo, aribwo Umuntu, Imashini, Ibikoresho, Uburyo hamwe nibidukikije. Igenzura ryigenga kuri ibi bintu, guhindura nyuma yubugenzuzi bugenzurwa mubikorwa, no guhindura kuva mubisubizo ugahindura ibintu. Ibintu bigira ingaruka kuri ubu byavuzwe gutya:

1. Abakozi (Umugabo)
. Mugihe cyibikorwa, umusaruro ubishinzwe utanga gahunda yumusaruro uteganijwe, ukagenzura ishyirwa mubikorwa ryamategeko n'amabwiriza atandukanye, kandi ugategura kandi ugahuza ibikorwa byinshi byo gutera inkunga umusaruro, nko gutanga ibikoresho, gutwara ibintu byarangiye, guhuza ibibanza, no gutera inkunga ibikoresho.
(2) Abakozi bashinzwe ubwubatsi nubuhanga bafite uruhare runini muguhuza umusaruro. Bagomba kuyobora no guhuza imirimo yimyanya itandukanye yumusaruro, gusobanukirwa neza imikorere ya tekiniki namahame yakazi yibikoresho, kubika inyandiko zerekana umusaruro, kwita cyane kubikorwa by ibikoresho, kuvumbura impanuka zishobora guterwa hakiri kare kandi bakamenya neza impamvu na kamere y'impanuka. Gutegura gahunda yo gusana no kubungabunga ibikoresho na sisitemu. Uruvange rwa asfalt rugomba kubyazwa umusaruro ukurikije ibipimo bya tekiniki bisabwa na "Tekinike ya tekiniki", kandi amakuru nko gutondekanya, ubushyuhe hamwe n’amavuta y’ibuye ry’uruvange bigomba gufatwa mu gihe gikwiye binyuze muri laboratoire, kandi amakuru agomba kugaburirwa abashoramari nishami bireba kugirango hahindurwe ibintu.
. Kuyoborwa nabakozi ba tekinike, kora ukurikije igice hanyuma ukurikize inzira yo gukemura ibibazo byubwoko butandukanye bwamakosa.
(4) Ibisabwa kubwoko bwimirimo ifasha muruganda ruvanga asfalt: ric Amashanyarazi. Birakenewe kumenya imikorere no gukoresha ibikoresho byose byamashanyarazi, kandi buri gihe gupima ibipimo bitandukanye; gira imyumvire yo gutanga amashanyarazi arenze, guhindura no gukwirakwiza sisitemu, kandi uhure kenshi. Ku bijyanye n’umuriro uteganijwe n’ibindi bihe, abakozi n’ishami bireba uruganda rwa asfalt bagomba kubimenyeshwa hakiri kare.
② Boilermaker. Mugihe utanga imvange ya asfalt, birakenewe kwitegereza imikorere ya boiler umwanya uwariwo wose no gusobanukirwa ububiko bwamavuta aremereye, amavuta yoroheje na asfalt. Iyo ukoresheje asifaltike, birakenewe guteganya kuvanaho ingunguru (mugihe ukoresheje asfalt yatumijwe hanze) no kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa asfalt.
Umukozi wo kubungabunga. Kurikiranira hafi ubwikorezi bwibintu bikonje, reba niba ecran ya griting iri kumyanda ikonje ihagaritswe, uhite umenyesha ibikoresho byananiranye hanyuma ubimenyeshe abagenzuzi nababikora kugirango bikurweho mugihe. Nyuma yo kuzimya burimunsi, kora ibikorwa bisanzwe mubikoresho hanyuma wongeremo ubwoko butandukanye bwamavuta. Ibice byingenzi bigomba kuzuzwa amavuta yo gusiga buri munsi (nko kuvanga inkono, abafana baterwa inkunga), kandi urugero rwamavuta ya ecran ya ecran na compressor de air bigomba kugenzurwa buri munsi. Niba amavuta yo kwisiga yuzuzwa nabatari abanyamwuga nkabakozi bimukira mu mahanga, hagomba kubaho ko buri mwobo wuzuza amavuta wuzuye kugirango wirinde ko hatabaho.
Manager Umuyobozi wa Data. Ashinzwe gucunga amakuru nakazi ko guhindura. Kubika neza amakuru ya tekiniki ajyanye, inyandiko zikorwa hamwe namakuru ajyanye nibikoresho ni uburyo bukenewe bwo gucunga neza no kwemeza imikorere isanzwe yimashini. Ninyemezabuguzi yumwimerere yo gushiraho dosiye tekinike kandi itanga urufatiro rwishami rishinzwe gufata ibyemezo no kubyaza umusaruro.
Driver Umushoferi. Tugomba gukora akazi kacu neza kandi tugashyiraho ingengabitekerezo yuko ireme ari ubuzima bwikigo. Iyo gupakira ibikoresho, birabujijwe rwose gushyira ibikoresho mububiko butari bwo cyangwa kuzuza ububiko. Iyo ubitse ibikoresho, igice cyibikoresho kigomba gusigara munsi yibikoresho kugirango birinde ubutaka.

Imashini
. Nta murongo ushobora kunanirwa, bitabaye ibyo ntibishoboka kubyara ibicuruzwa byujuje ibyangombwa. y'ibikoresho byarangiye. Kubwibyo, gucunga no gufata neza ibikoresho bya mashini ni ngombwa.
. amanota asabwa. Kugana ingoma yumye. Ibuye ryashyutswe numuriro utangwa na sisitemu yo gushyushya amavuta aremereye mu ngoma yumye. Mugihe cyo gushyushya, sisitemu yo gukuramo ivumbi itangiza umwuka kugirango ikure umukungugu muri rusange. Ibikoresho bitarimo ivumbi bizamurwa muri sisitemu yo gusuzuma hifashishijwe indobo. Nyuma yo kwerekana, igiteranyo mu nzego zose kibikwa muri silo ishyushye. Buri cyegeranyo gipimwa ku gaciro kangana ukurikije igipimo cyo kuvanga. Muri icyo gihe, ifu ya minerval na asfalt nabyo bipimwa ku gaciro gakenewe kugirango igereranyo kivanze. Noneho igiteranyo, amabuye ya Powder na asfalt (fibre yimbaho ​​igomba kongerwaho kurwego rwo hejuru) bishyirwa mumasafuriya ivanze hanyuma bigashyirwa mugihe runaka kugirango bibe ibikoresho byuzuye byujuje ibisabwa.
(3) Ahantu igihingwa kivanga ni ngombwa cyane. Niba ingufu z'amashanyarazi zishobora kwizerwa, niba voltage ihagaze neza, niba inzira yo gutanga yoroshye, nibindi, bigomba gusuzumwa neza.
. Imbaraga zirakomeye, kandi amashanyarazi asanzwe kandi atateganijwe abaho rimwe na rimwe. Guha ibikoresho bya generator ifite ubushobozi bukwiye muruganda ruvanga birakenewe kugirango umusaruro usanzwe wuruganda ruvanze.
(5) Kugirango harebwe niba uruganda ruvanga ruhora rumeze neza, ibikoresho bigomba gusanwa neza no kubungabungwa. Mugihe cyo guhagarika, gufata neza no kugenzura bigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa nigitabo gikubiyemo ibikoresho. Imirimo yo gufata neza igomba gukorwa nabashinzwe amashanyarazi nabashinzwe imashini. Abakozi bafite ibikoresho bagomba kuba bamenyereye amahame yimikorere yimashini. Kugirango wirinde amabuye manini kwinjira mu bikoresho, ibikoresho bikonje bigomba gusudira hamwe na ecran ya (10cmx10cm). Ubwoko bwose bwamavuta bugomba kuzuzwa nabakozi babigenewe, kugenzurwa kenshi, no kubungabungwa kurwego rusanzwe rwo kubungabunga no kubungabunga. Kurugero, urugi rwibicuruzwa byarangiye birashobora gukingurwa no gufungwa byoroshye mugutera amavuta make ya mazutu nyuma yo gufungwa burimunsi. Urundi rugero, niba kuvanga urugi rwinkono idafunguye kandi rugafunga neza, bizanagira ingaruka kumusaruro. Ugomba gutera dizel nkeya hano hanyuma ugakuraho asfalt. Kubungabunga neza ntabwo bizongerera igihe serivisi yumurimo wibikoresho nibigize, ahubwo bizigama ibiciro no kuzamura inyungu zubukungu.
(6) Iyo umusaruro wibikoresho byarangiye ari ibisanzwe, hakwiye kwitabwaho gucunga imiyoborere no guhuza ibikorwa byo kubaka umuhanda. Kuberako ubushobozi bwo kubika imvange ya asfalt ari mbarwa, birakenewe gukomeza itumanaho ryiza hamwe nubuso bwumuhanda no gufata urugero rukenewe rwimvange kugirango wirinde igihombo kidakenewe.
(7) Birashobora kugaragara mubikorwa byumusaruro ko ibibazo byubwikorezi bigira ingaruka nyinshi kumuvuduko wumusaruro. Imodoka zitwara abantu ziratandukanye mubunini n'umuvuduko. Imodoka nyinshi cyane zizatera ubwinshi, guhungabana, no gusimbuka umurongo ukomeye. Imodoka nke cyane zizatera uruganda ruvanze guhagarara kandi bisaba kongera gutwikwa, bigira ingaruka kumusaruro, gukora neza, nubuzima bwibikoresho. Kuberako sitasiyo ivanga ikosowe kandi ibisohoka birahagaze, aho kubaka paver birahinduka, urwego rwubwubatsi rugahinduka, hamwe nibisabwa birahinduka, bityo rero birakenewe gukora akazi keza mugutegura ibinyabiziga no guhuza umubare wibinyabiziga byashowe nigice. n'ibice byo hanze.

3. Ibikoresho
Igiteranyo cyuzuye kandi cyiza, ifu yamabuye, asfalt, amavuta aremereye, amavuta yoroheje, ibikoresho byabigenewe, nibindi nibintu bifatika kugirango umusaruro wuruganda rutemba. Hashingiwe ku kwemeza itangwa ry'ibikoresho fatizo, ingufu, n'ibikoresho, ni ngombwa kugenzura byimazeyo ibisobanuro byabyo, ubwoko, n'ubwiza, no gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutoranya no gupima ibikoresho fatizo mbere yo gutumiza. Kugenzura ubwiza bwibikoresho fatizo nurufunguzo rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwibikoresho byarangiye.
(1) Guteranya. Igiteranyo gishobora kugabanywamo ibice kandi byiza. Umubare wacyo muruvange rwa asfalt hamwe nubwiza bwayo bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere, kubaka no gukora pavement yimikorere ya asfalt. Imbaraga, kwambara agaciro, guhonyora agaciro, gukomera, ingano yingero zingana nibindi bipimo byerekana igiteranyo kigomba kuba cyujuje ibisabwa mumitwe ijyanye na "Tekinike ya tekiniki". Ikibanza cyo kubikamo kigomba gukomera hamwe nibikoresho bikwiye, byubatswe nurukuta rwibice, kandi bigakama neza muri sitasiyo. Iyo ibikoresho bimeze neza, gukusanya ibisobanuro, ibirimo ubuhehere, ibirimo umwanda, ubwinshi bwibitangwa, nibindi nibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumusaruro wa sitasiyo ivanga na asfalt. Rimwe na rimwe, igiteranyo kirimo amabuye manini, ashobora gutuma icyambu cyo gupakurura gihagarikwa kandi umukandara ugashushanya. Kuzenguruka ecran no kohereza umuntu kubireba birashobora ahanini gukemura ikibazo. Ingano yubunini bwa agregate ntabwo yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa. Iyo wumishije igiteranyo mugihe runaka, imyanda iriyongera, igihe cyo gutegereza gupima cyongerewe, habaho byinshi byuzuye, kandi igihe cyo gusohora ibicuruzwa byarangiye kongerwa cyane. Ibi ntibitera guta ingufu gusa, ahubwo binagabanya cyane umusaruro kandi bigira ingaruka kumikorere yumusaruro.Ubushuhe bwamazi ya agregate nyuma yimvura ni menshi cyane, bigatera ibibazo byubwiza nko gufunga umuringa, gukama kutaringaniye, kwizirika kurukuta rwimbere rwa ingoma yo gushyushya, ingorane zo kugenzura ubushyuhe, no kwera kwegeranya. Kubera ko umusaruro wamabuye muri societe udateganijwe, kandi ibisobanuro byumuhanda n’ibikoresho byubwubatsi bitandukanye, ibisobanuro bitunganywa na kariyeri yamabuye akenshi ntabwo bihuye nibisabwa, kandi gutanga akenshi birenze ibisabwa. Bimwe mubisobanuro rusange byegeranijwe ntibyabitswe kuri Xinhe Expressway, bityo ibisobanuro byibikoresho nibisabwa bigomba gufatwa hamwe nibikoresho byateguwe mbere.
(2) Amashanyarazi, amavuta yoroheje, amavuta aremereye na mazutu. Ingufu nyamukuru zakozwe ninganda zivanga ni amashanyarazi, amavuta yoroheje, amavuta aremereye na mazutu. Amashanyarazi ahagije hamwe na voltage ihamye nibyingenzi bikenewe kugirango umusaruro. Ni nkenerwa kuvugana n’ishami ry’amashanyarazi vuba bishoboka kugira ngo dusobanure neza amashanyarazi, igihe cyo gukoresha amashanyarazi n'inshingano n'uburenganzira by’impande zombi zitanga n'ibisabwa. Amavuta aremereye hamwe namavuta yoroheje nisoko yingufu zo gushyushya hamwe, gushyushya amashyiga, kugabanuka kwa asfalt, no gushyushya. Ibi bisaba kwemeza imiyoboro itanga amavuta aremereye na mazutu.
(3) Kubika ibikoresho byabigenewe. Mugihe tugura ibikoresho, tugura kubwamahirwe bimwe byingenzi nibikoresho bidafite aho bisimbura murugo. Bamwe bambara ibice (nka pompe ya gare, solenoid valve, relay, nibindi) bigomba kubikwa mububiko. Ibice bimwe bitumizwa mu mahanga bigira ingaruka ku bintu bitandukanye kandi ntibishobora kugurwa muri iki gihe. Niba biteguye, ntibashobora gukoreshwa, kandi niba batiteguye, bagomba gusimburwa. Ibi birasaba abatekinisiye ba injeniyeri bakoresha ubwonko bwabo kandi bakamenya neza uko ibintu bimeze. Abakozi bashinzwe ubwubatsi naba tekinike bashinzwe imashini n’amashanyarazi ntibagomba guhinduka kenshi. Ikidodo c'amavuta, gasketi hamwe nibice bitunganyirizwa nawe wenyine kandi ibisubizo nibyiza cyane.

4. Uburyo
. Mbere yo gutangira umusaruro, hagomba gukorwa imyiteguro y'ibikoresho, imashini, n'inzego z'umuteguro. Mugihe dutangiye umusaruro, tugomba kwitondera imicungire yikibanza cyakorewe, gushiraho umubano mwiza nigice cya kaburimbo kumuhanda, kwemeza ibisobanuro numubare wuruvange rusabwa, kandi tugashyiraho itumanaho ryiza.
. Witondere cyane kumurimo wakazi kuri buri mwanya kugirango umenye ubwiza bwibikorwa byose bivangwa na asfalt. Gushiraho no kunoza uburyo bwo gucunga umutekano ningamba zo kurinda umutekano. Manika ibyapa byo kuburira umutekano kubice byose byoherejwe hamwe na moteri n'amashanyarazi y'uruganda rwa asfalt. Koresha ibikoresho byo kuzimya umuriro, kugena imyanya n'abakozi, kandi ubuze abakozi badatanga umusaruro kwinjira ahubakwa. Ntamuntu numwe wemerewe kuguma cyangwa kwimuka munsi ya trolley. Iyo gushyushya no gupakira asfalt, hakwiye kwitabwaho byumwihariko kugirango abakozi babuze umuriro. Ibikoresho byo kwirinda nko gukaraba ifu bigomba gutegurwa. Ibikoresho byiza birinda inkuba bigomba gushyirwaho kugirango birinde ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, imashini, nibindi kutagira ingaruka kumurabyo no kugira ingaruka kumusaruro.
. umuvuduko mugihe gikwiye. Umusaruro wuruganda ruvanga akenshi urakomeza, kandi ishami ryibikoresho rigomba gukora akazi keza kugirango abakozi bambere bambere bambere basimburane kurya kandi bafite imbaraga nyinshi zo gukoresha mukubaka no kubyaza umusaruro.
. shiraho laboratoire yujuje ubugenzuzi busanzwe bwubwubatsi no kuyiha ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima. Mbere yo gutangira imashini, banza ugenzure ibirimo ubuhehere hamwe nibindi bipimo byibikoresho biri mu bubiko, hanyuma ubitange mu nyandiko ku mukoresha nk'ishingiro ry'umukoresha kugira ngo ahindure amanota n'ubushyuhe. Ibikoresho byuzuye byakozwe buri munsi bigomba gukururwa no kugenzurwa kuri frequence ivugwa muri "Tekinike ya tekiniki" kugirango harebwe amanota yabo, igipimo cy’amavuta y’amabuye, ubushyuhe, ituze n’ibindi bipimo bigamije kubaka umuhanda no kugenzura. Ingero za Marshall zigomba gutegurwa burimunsi kugirango hamenyekane ubwinshi bwimyumvire yo gukoresha mukubara umuhanda wa kaburimbo, kimwe no kubara igipimo cyubusa, kwiyuzuzamo nibindi bipimo. Imirimo yikizamini ningirakamaro cyane kandi nimwe mumashami ayobora umusaruro wose. Ibyerekeranye na tekiniki bijyanye bigomba gukusanywa kugirango bitegure kugenzura imiringa no kwemerwa.

5. Ibidukikije
Ibidukikije byiza bitanga umusaruro ningirakamaro kugirango imikorere isanzwe yuruvange.
(1) Mugihe cyumusaruro, ikibanza kigomba gusukurwa buri munsi. Menya neza ko buri modoka yatewe hamwe na mazutu ikwiye kugirango wirinde kuvanga asfalt kutaguma kumodoka. Imihanda yo mu gikari rusange igomba guhora isukuye, kandi ibinyabiziga bigaburira hamwe nababitwara bigomba kuba kumpande zombi.
(2) Akazi k'abakozi, ibidukikije, n'ibikoresho bikora ni ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku musaruro. Kubice bifite ikirere gishyushye, ni ikizamini cyo gukora ibikoresho n'abakozi. Hagomba gushyirwaho ingufu zihariye kugirango abakozi badashyuha, kandi ibyumba byose byubatswe bigomba gushyirwaho. Ibyumba bifite ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikonjesha, bizafasha kuruhuka abakozi.
(3) Gusuzuma byose. Mbere yo kubaka urubuga, hagomba kwitabwaho byimazeyo ubwikorezi hafi, amashanyarazi, ingufu, ibikoresho nibindi bintu.

6. Umwanzuro
Muri make, ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w’ibihingwa bivangwa na asfalt biragoye, ariko tugomba kugira uburyo bwakazi bwo guhangana ningorane, guhora dushakisha uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo, kandi tugatanga umusanzu ukwiye mumishinga yimihanda yigihugu cyanjye.