Uruganda ruvanze na asifalt nibikoresho byingenzi mukubaka umuhanda. Ihuza tekinoroji ya mashini, amashanyarazi na automatike. Ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro uruganda ruvanze rwa asfalt (nyuma yiswe uruganda rwa asfalt), urwego rwo gutangiza no gupima neza sisitemu yo kugenzura, hamwe n’igipimo cy’ingufu zikoreshwa muri iki gihe cyahindutse ibintu nyamukuru bipima imikorere yacyo.
Uhereye ku buryo bwagutse, kwishyiriraho ibihingwa bya asfalt bikubiyemo ahanini umusaruro fatizo, gushyiramo ibyuma byububiko, gushyiramo amashanyarazi no gukemura, gushyushya asfalt no gushyiraho imiyoboro. Imiterere yicyuma gishobora gushyirwaho murwego rumwe hashingiwe ko umusingi wigihingwa cya asfalt wubatswe neza, kandi hazahindurwa bike nimpinduka mubikorwa bizakurikiraho. Gushyushya asfalt hamwe no gushyiramo imiyoboro ahanini bitanga ubushyuhe bwa asfalt. Imirimo yo kwishyiriraho ahanini iterwa nibikoresho byo kubika no gushyushya asfalt. Mu musaruro, ubwizerwe bwo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi no kugenzura ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku musaruro usanzwe w'ibihingwa bya asfalt. Iyi ngingo yibanze gusa mugushiraho no gufata neza sisitemu yo kugenzura amashanyarazi avanga asifalt. Uhujije nuburyo nyabwo kurubuga, iraganira muri make ingingo enye zingenzi zogushiraho no kubungabunga sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ivanga asifalt, ikaganira kandi ikiga hamwe nabagenzi.
(1) Umenyereye sisitemu, umenyereye amahame, insinga zumvikana, hamwe ninsinga nziza
Hatitawe ku kuba uruganda rwa asfalt rwarashyizweho cyangwa rwimuriwe ahazubakwa inyubako nshya, abatekinisiye n'abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga ibikorwa byo gushyiramo amashanyarazi bagomba kubanza kumenyera uburyo bwo kugenzura n'amahame ya sisitemu y'amashanyarazi yose ashingiye kubikorwa byo kuvanga asifalt, nkuko kimwe no gukwirakwiza sisitemu hamwe nibice bimwe byingenzi bigenzura. Imikorere yihariye ya silinderi ituma kwishyiriraho silinderi byoroshye.
Iyo insinga, ukurikije ibishushanyo hamwe nuburyo bwo kwishyiriraho ibice byamashanyarazi, byegeranijwe kuva mugice cya peripheri kugeza kuri buri gice gishinzwe kugenzura cyangwa kuva kuri peripheri kugera mucyumba cyo kugenzura. Inzira zikwiye zigomba gutoranywa kumiterere yinsinga, kandi insinga zidafite imbaraga hamwe ninsinga zikomeye zerekana ibimenyetso birasabwa gutondekanya ahantu hatandukanye.
Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi yo kuvanga uruganda ikubiyemo imbaraga zikomeye, imbaraga zidakomeye, AC, DC, ibimenyetso bya digitale, nibimenyetso bisa. Kugirango tumenye neza ko ibyo bimenyetso byamashanyarazi bishobora koherezwa neza kandi byizewe, buri gice cyigenzura cyangwa ibice byamashanyarazi birashobora gusohora ibimenyetso byukuri byo kugenzura mugihe gikwiye. Kandi irashobora gutwara byimazeyo buri mukoresha, kandi kwizerwa kwihuza ryumuriro wamashanyarazi bifite ingaruka zikomeye. Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho, birakenewe kwemeza ko imiyoboro kuri buri cyuma cyiringirwa kandi ibice byamashanyarazi byashyizweho kandi bigakomera.
Ibice nyamukuru bigenzura ivanga rya asfalt muri rusange bifashisha mudasobwa zinganda cyangwa PLC (programable logic controllers). Igenzura ryabo rishingiye ahanini kumuzunguruko w'imbere ugaragaza ibimenyetso byinjira mumashanyarazi bihura nubusabane bwumvikana, hanyuma bigahita bisohora ibimenyetso bihura nubusabane bwumvikana. Amashanyarazi yerekana amashanyarazi cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byamashanyarazi cyangwa ibice. Imikorere yibi bice bisa neza muri rusange birashoboka. Niba hari ikosa ribaye mugihe cyo gukora cyangwa gukemura, banza urebe niba ibimenyetso byose byinjiza byinjijwe mu mwanya, hanyuma urebe niba ibimenyetso byose bisohoka bisohoka bihari kandi niba bisohoka ukurikije ibisabwa byumvikana. Mubihe bisanzwe, mugihe cyose ibimenyetso byinjira byemewe kandi byizewe kandi byujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, ibimenyetso bisohoka bizasohoka ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera cyimbere, keretse keretse umutwe wiring (wiring plug-in board) irekuye cyangwa peripheri ibice hamwe nizunguruka zijyanye nibi bice bigenzura ni amakosa. Birumvikana ko, mubihe bimwe bidasanzwe, ibice byimbere byigice bishobora kwangirika cyangwa ikibaho cyumuzunguruko gishobora kunanirwa.
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Urebye uburyo bwo guhanagura amashanyarazi, niba amashanyarazi yemeye sisitemu ya TT, mugihe ushyizeho sitasiyo ivanga, ikariso yicyuma cyavanze na kabili yamashanyarazi yicyumba cyubugenzuzi igomba kuba ifite ishingiro kugirango irinde. Niba amashanyarazi yemeye TN-C, mugihe dushyizeho sitasiyo yo kuvanga, tugomba kwiringira byimazeyo ikadiri yicyuma kivanga na kabili yamashanyarazi yicyumba cyo kugenzura kandi tugahuza na zeru. Muri ubu buryo, kuruhande rumwe, ikadiri yo kuyobora ivanga sitasiyo irashobora kugerwaho. Kurinda bihujwe na zeru, kandi umurongo utabogamye wa sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ya sitasiyo ivanze inshuro nyinshi. Niba amashanyarazi yemeye TN-S (cyangwa TN-C-S) igipimo, mugihe dushyizeho sitasiyo yo kuvanga, dukeneye gusa guhuza byimazeyo icyuma cya sitasiyo ivanga na kabili yamashanyarazi yicyumba cyubugenzuzi kumurongo wo kurinda amashanyarazi. Hatitawe kuri sisitemu yo gutanga amashanyarazi, guhangana nubutaka bwikibanza ntigomba kurenza 4Ω.
Kugirango wirinde kuvanga sitasiyo kwangizwa numurabyo, mugihe ushyizeho sitasiyo ivanga, inkoni yumurabyo igomba gushyirwaho aho ivangavanga, kandi ibice byose bigize sitasiyo ivanga bigomba kuba biri mukarere keza ko kurinda inkuba. Umuyoboro wamanutse winkoni yumurabyo ugomba kuba umugozi wumuringa ufite igice cyambukiranya kitari munsi ya 16mm2 nicyatsi kibakingira. Ahantu ho guhagarara hagomba kuba byibuze metero 20 uvuye ahandi hantu hahurira na sitasiyo ivanga ahantu hatagira abanyamaguru cyangwa ibikoresho, kandi aho bigomba guhagarara byemezwa ko kurwanya ubutaka biri munsi ya 30Ω.
Mugihe ushyiraho ivangavanga, insinga zikingiwe za sensor zose zigomba kuba zifite ishingiro. Iyi pointing irashobora kandi guhuza insinga zimanuka zurwego rugenzura. Nyamara, iyi ngingo yo gutandukana iratandukanye nuburinzi bwo gukingira no kurinda anti-kwinjira byavuzwe haruguru. Ahantu h'umurabyo, iyi ngingo igomba kuba byibura 5m uvuye aho ikingira ikingira umurongo ugororotse, kandi kurwanya ubutaka ntibigomba kurenza 4Ω.
(3) Kora imirimo yo gukemura witonze
Iyo kuvanga uruganda rwabanje guteranyirizwa hamwe, gukemura birashobora gusaba imbaraga nigihe kinini, kubera ko ibibazo byinshi bishobora kuboneka mugihe cyo gukemura, nkamakosa yo gukoresha insinga, ibice bidakwiriye cyangwa igenamiterere ryibikoresho, ahantu hashyizweho ibice bidakwiye, ibyangiritse, nibindi. Impamvu, impamvu yihariye, igomba gucirwa urubanza no gukosorwa cyangwa guhindurwa hashingiwe ku bishushanyo, imiterere nyayo nibisubizo byubugenzuzi.
Nyuma yumubiri wingenzi wavanze na sisitemu yamashanyarazi bimaze gushyirwaho, hagomba gukorwa imirimo yitonze. Ubwa mbere, tangira na moteri imwe nigikorwa kimwe cyo kugenzura intoki nta-mutwaro. Niba hari ikibazo, reba niba umuzunguruko n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi ari ibisanzwe. Niba moteri imwe ifite igikorwa kimwe, gerageza gukora. Niba ibintu byose ari ibisanzwe, urashobora kwinjiza intoki cyangwa kugenzura byikora nta mutwaro wibice bimwe. Niba ibintu byose ari ibisanzwe, noneho winjire mu buryo bwikora nta-mutwaro wa mashini yose. Nyuma yo kurangiza iyi mirimo, kora ikizamini cyuzuye cyimashini. Nyuma yo gukemura ikibazo kirangiye, hashobora kuvugwa ko imirimo yo kwishyiriraho sitasiyo ivanze irangiye ahanini kandi sitasiyo ivanga asfalt ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora.