Nimbaraga zubukungu zitera imbere byihuse, Ubushinwa bwakomeje iterambere ryihuse mukubaka ibikorwa remezo. Nka bumwe mu buryo nyamukuru bwo guhuza imijyi nicyaro no guhuza uturere twimbere n’imbere, ubwikorezi bwo mumuhanda nabwo bwateye imbere cyane mumyaka mirongo ishize.
Kugeza muri Nzeri 2022, Ubushinwa bugenda mu kilometero zigera kuri miliyoni 5.28, muri zo urugendo rw'imihanda irenga kilometero 170.000, rukaba ari kimwe mu bihugu bifite urugendo rurerure rwose rw'imihanda minini ku isi.
Byongeye kandi, iterambere ry’imihanda mu Bushinwa naryo rifite ibintu byinshi byagaragaye, nk’uburebure bw’imihanda minini ku isi ndetse n’ikiraro kinini ku isi. Twashobora kuvuga ko ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda bw’Ubushinwa bwateye imbere mu gice cy’ingenzi mu iyubakwa ry’ibikorwa remezo by’igihugu, bigira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ubukungu no koroshya ingendo z’abantu.
Ariko wabonye ikibazo? Hano hari ibikoresho bibiri byo kubaka umuhanda, ni sima cyangwa asfalt. Kuki umuhanda wose wa asfalt udashobora gukoreshwa?
Uyu munsi tuzaganira niba aribyiza gukoresha sima cyangwa asfalt mukubaka umuhanda.

Isima VS Asfalt
Umuhanda wa sima n'umuhanda wa asfalt nibikoresho bibiri bitandukanye byo kubaka umuhanda. Umuhanda wa sima ugizwe ahanini na sima, umucanga, amabuye nibindi bikoresho, mugihe umuhanda wa asfalt ugizwe ahanini na asfalt, ifu yubutare, amabuye nibindi bikoresho. Reka tuvuge ibyiza byumuhanda wa sima numuhanda wa asfalt.

Ubuzima
Umuhanda wa sima urakomeye kuruta umuhanda wa asfalt. Ubunini bwimihanda ya sima mubusanzwe burenga cm 20. Kubera imiterere myiza yubushobozi hamwe nubushobozi bwo guhangana nigitutu cyibinyabiziga biremereye, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa ahantu nkumuhanda munini hamwe nindege zindege zisaba kuramba no guhagarara neza.
Ugereranije, uburebure bwa kaburimbo ya asfalt ni cm 5 gusa, kubwibyo rero birakwiriye gusa mugihe cyumuhanda woroheje nkumuhanda wo mumijyi.
Kubijyanye no kubaho, imihanda ya sima nayo ni nziza gato. Muri rusange, ubuzima bwa serivisi ya kaburimbo ya sima burashobora kugera kumyaka irenga 30, mugihe ubuzima bwumurimo wa kaburimbo ya asfalt ari imyaka 10-15 gusa.
Ni ukubera ko imiti ya sima ihagaze neza kuruta asifalt, kandi antioxydeant irwanya imbaraga. Irashobora kugumana ubukana bwayo no guhagarara neza mugihe kirekire kandi ntabwo byoroshye ingaruka zibidukikije nkizuba nimvura.

Kwangiza ibidukikije
Urebye uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro, inzira yo gutunganya imihanda ya sima isaba gukoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi ikanatanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Umusaruro wa kaburimbo ya asfalt urashobora kuzigama ingufu kandi ugatanga imyuka ya karubone nkeya. Kubwibyo, kubijyanye nigikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro, umuhanda wa sima urashobora kwangiza gato ibidukikije.
Ariko uhereye kumikoreshereze, umuhanda wa sima n'imihanda ya asfalt bizangiza bimwe mubidukikije. Umuhanda wa asifalt ukunda koroshya ikirere gishyushye kandi ukarekura ibintu kama bihindagurika, bigira ingaruka mbi kumiterere yikirere. Umuhanda wa beto urahagaze neza kandi ntutanga ibintu bisa. Nyamara, ubuso bwa kaburimbo ya sima burakomeye, kandi iyo ibinyabiziga bigenze, bizabyara umwanda. Muri icyo gihe, kaburimbo ya sima nayo izongera ibyago byimpanuka zo mumuhanda.

Igiciro
Kubijyanye nigiciro cyubwubatsi, imihanda ya sima muri rusange ihenze kuruta umuhanda wa asfalt. Imihanda ya sima isaba ibikoresho byinshi hamwe nuburyo bugoye bwo kubaka, bityo igiciro cyubwubatsi cyacyo kikaba kinini kuruta umuhanda wa asfalt. Muri icyo gihe, imihanda ya sima ifata igihe kinini cyo kubaka, nayo izongera amafaranga yo kubaka.
Kubijyanye na nyuma yo kubungabungwa, umuhanda wa sima urasaba amafaranga menshi yo kubungabunga bitewe nubukomezi bwabo bwiza kandi butajegajega. Kurugero, niba hari ibinogo cyangwa ibinogo kumuhanda wa sima, ikiguzi cyo gusana kizaba kinini. Umuhanda wa asfalt ugereranije ni muto mubiciro byo kubungabunga kuko birashobora gukosorwa mugushiraho urwego rushya rwa asfalt.
Icyakora, twakagombye kumenya ko nubwo umuhanda wa asfalt ugereranije nubukungu cyane kubijyanye nigiciro cyubwubatsi nigiciro cya nyuma yo kubungabunga, ubuzima bwabo bwa serivisi ni bugufi kandi bisaba kubitaho no kubisimbuza kenshi, kandi ibyo biciro nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho .

Umutekano
Reka duhere kuri coefficente yo guterana hejuru yumuhanda. Imihanda ya sima hamwe ninzira ya asfalt bifite ubushyamirane bwiza kandi birashobora gutanga imbaraga zo gukurura no gufata feri mugihe ibinyabiziga bigenda.
Nyamara, kaburimbo ya asfalt ifite ubworoherane nubukonje bwiza, iyo rero utwaye mumihanda yimvura cyangwa kunyerera, coefficient de fraisement ya kaburimbo ya asifalt iba iri hejuru cyane, kandi biroroshye gutanga ubwumvikane buke mumihanda, bityo bikagabanya ibyago byo kunyerera mumodoka cyangwa gutakaza ubuyobozi .
Icya kabiri, duhereye kuburinganire bwumuhanda, kaburimbo ya sima irakomeye kandi yoroshye, irashobora guhangana neza ningaruka no kunyeganyega biterwa no gutwara ibinyabiziga kandi bigatanga ibidukikije bihamye.
Umuhanda wa asifalt woroheje ugereranije, ufite urwego runaka rwo guhindura no kuzamuka no kumanuka, bishobora gutera impanuka mugihe ikinyabiziga kigenda, byongera ingorane numunaniro wumushoferi, kandi bigabanya umutekano wo gutwara.
Icya gatatu, ukurikije uburebure bwa kaburimbo, kaburimbo ya sima irakomeye cyane, itajegajega, ifite igihe kirekire cyumurimo, kandi ntabwo ihindurwa byoroshye nimpamvu zituruka hanze nkikirere nubushyuhe.
Icya kane, kaburimbo ya asfalt iroroshye cyane kandi yibasirwa byoroshye nibidukikije nko kwizuba kwizuba nimvura, bikavamo ibibazo nko gusaza kaburimbo, guturika, no guhindura ibintu, nabyo bikagira ingaruka kumutekano wo gutwara.
Mugereranije, ntabwo bigoye kubona ko imihanda ya sima ifite ibyiza byayo naho umuhanda wa asfalt ufite ibyiza byayo. Kuki umuhanda munini ahanini ari umuhanda wa asfalt, ariko sitasiyo yishyurwa ni umuhanda wa sima?

Umuhanda wa kaburimbo
Ni izihe nyungu zikenewe mu gutunganya umuhanda munini?
Umutekano, umutekano, n'umutekano.
Nkuko twabivuze, asfalt ifata neza kandi yoroheje, kandi irashobora kwizirika neza hejuru yumuhanda wibanze kugirango habeho imiterere ihuza imiyoboro, bityo bikazamura uburebure nubushobozi bwumuhanda.
Byongeye kandi, asfalt nayo ifite imikorere myiza idashobora gukoreshwa n’amazi, ishobora kubuza neza amazi yimvura kwinjira mu gice cyo hepfo yumuhanda, akirinda ibibazo nko koroshya umusingi no gutura.
Byongeye kandi, uburinganire bwubuso hamwe na coefficient de coiffure yumuhanda wa kaburimbo ya asfalt ni muremure, bishobora gutanga umutekano muke no gutwara neza, no guteza imbere umutekano wo gutwara.
Iyo utwaye mumihanda minini, icyingenzi nukubasha gufata feri. Ni kangahe imanza zo mumuhanda zifite impanuka kubera kudashobora gufata feri. Nibyo, usibye umutekano, hari akandi karusho kingenzi cyane, ni ukuvuga guhendutse.
Kubaka umuhanda bisaba amafaranga, kandi umuhanda muremure utwara amafaranga menshi. Ku gihugu nkigihugu cyanjye gifite ubuso bunini, kubaka umuhanda bisaba amafaranga menshi. Iyo rero duhisemo ibikoresho byo mumuhanda, ntidukwiye guhitamo ibikoresho bihendutse byo gusana, ariko kandi nibikoresho bihendutse byo kubungabunga. Ugereranije nibindi bikoresho bya kaburimbo, asfalt ifite amafaranga make yo kubaka no kuyitaho, bishobora kuzana inyungu zubukungu mukubaka umuhanda no gukora. Kubwibyo, asfalt nayo niyo nzira nziza kumihanda minini. Kuki sitasiyo yishyuza ikoresha sima? Sitasiyo yishyurwa ryimihanda nimwe mubikoresho byingenzi mumihanda. Bafite uruhare mu gucunga urujya n'uruza rw'imisoro. Ariko, ushobora kuba ufite amatsiko impamvu imihanda kuri iyi sitasiyo yishyurwa yubatswe na sima aho kuba asfalt nkumuhanda munini. Ibinyuranye, sima irakwiriye cyane gutunganya umuhanda kuri sitasiyo. Impamvu ya mbere nuko ugereranije na asfalt, sima irakomeye kandi irashobora kwihanganira umuvuduko wimodoka nyinshi zinyura. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane mubice bikikije sitasiyo zishyurwa, kubera ko utu turere dukenera kwikorera imitwaro iremereye itwara amakamyo nizindi modoka ziremereye. Icya kabiri, kubera uburebure bwa sima burambye, imihanda kuri sitasiyo yishyurwa ntigomba gusanwa no gusanwa kenshi nkumuhanda wa asfalt. Ibi bivuze ko ubuzima bwumuhanda ari burebure kandi amafaranga menshi yo kubungabunga no gusana arashobora gukizwa. Ubwanyuma, umuhanda wa sima wangiza ibidukikije kuruta umuhanda wa asfalt. Mugihe cyo gutunganya asfalt, havuka imyuka myinshi yangiza imyanda. Gukora sima birekura dioxyde de carbone nkeya, kandi iyo umuhanda wa sima usenywe, ibikoresho bya sima birashobora gukoreshwa kandi bigakoreshwa, bikagabanya imyanda nibidukikije.
Noneho uzi ibyiza byumuhanda wa sima kurenza umuhanda wa asfalt.

Umwanzuro
Muri make, iyubakwa ryimihanda yubushinwa ikoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye, buri kimwekimwe gifite ibyiza byihariye hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa. Yaba asfalt, sima cyangwa ibindi bikoresho, gahunda nziza yubwubatsi irashobora gutoranywa ukurikije ibice bitandukanye byumuhanda hamwe n’imiterere yumuhanda kugirango umutekano wizewe kandi wizewe muri sisitemu yimihanda.
Iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa n’iterambere ry’imibereho, kubaka umuhanda bizahura n’ibibazo byinshi n’amahirwe. Tugomba gukomeza guhanga udushya, kuzamura ubwiza bwimihanda, no guteza imbere iterambere ryihuse ryubwikorezi. Twizera ko ku bw'imbaraga z’amashyaka yose, inganda z’imihanda yo mu gihugu cyanjye zizatangira ejo hazaza heza.