[1]. Nhanganyaya
Kuenzaniswa nemaitiro echinyakare ekudziya akadai sekudziya kwakananga uye kupisa kwehuputi, kupisa kwemafuta ekupisa kune zvakanakira kuchengetedza simba, kupisa kweyunifomu, kunyatsoita tembiricha yekudzora, kushomeka kwekushanda, kuchengetedzwa uye nyore. Naizvozvo, kubva kuma1980s, kutsvagisa uye kushandiswa kwemafuta ekupisa munyika yangu kwakakura nekukurumidza, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mumhando dzakasiyana dzekudziya mumaindasitiri emakemikari, petroleum processing, petrochemical industry, chemical fiber, textile, light industry, zvekuvakisa. , metallurgy, zviyo, mafuta uye kugadzira zvokudya uye mamwe maindasitiri.
Ichi chinyorwa chinonyanya kutaura nezve maumbirwo, njodzi, zvinofurira zvinhu uye mhinduro dzekubika kwemafuta ekupisa kupisa panguva yekushandiswa.

[2]. Kuumbwa kwekubika
Kune matatu makuru maitiro emakemikari mukupisa kwekupisa kwemafuta ekuchinjisa mafuta: thermal oxidation reaction, thermal cracking uye thermal polymerization reaction. Coking inogadzirwa ne thermal oxidation reaction uye thermal polymerization reaction.
Thermal polymerization reaction inoitika kana kupisa kwemafuta kunopisa panguva yekushanda kweiyo yekudziya system. Mhedzisiro yacho inoburitsa macromolecules akanyanya-kuvira senge polycyclic inonhuhwirira hydrocarbons, colloids uye asphaltene, iyo zvishoma nezvishoma inoisa pamusoro peiyo hita uye pombi kuti igadzire coking.
Thermal oxidation reaction inowanzoitika kana mafuta ekutamisa kupisa mutangi rekuwedzera reiyo yakavhurika yekudziya system inobata mhepo kana kutora chikamu mukutenderera. Mhedzisiro yacho inoburitsa yakaderera-molecular kana yakakwira-molecular alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids uye zvimwe zvinoumba acidic, uyezve inoburitsa viscous zvinhu zvakaita se colloids uye asphaltene kuita coking; thermal oxidation inokonzerwa nemamiriro asina kunaka. Kana zvangoitika, zvinomhanyisa kupisa kwekuputika uye kupisa kwepolymerization maitiro, zvichiita kuti viscosity iwedzere nekukurumidza, ichideredza kupisa kwekufambisa kushanda zvakanaka, zvichikonzera kupisa uye kupisa chubhu coking. Iyo acidic zvinhu zvinogadzirwa zvinokonzeresa corrosion yemidziyo uye kuvuza.

[3]. Njodzi dzekubika
Iyo coking inogadzirwa nemafuta ekutamisa kupisa panguva yekushandiswa ichagadzira chigadziko chekudzivirira, zvichiita kuti kupisa kwekutamisa coefficient kuderera, tembiricha yekuburitsa kuwedzera, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta kuwedzera; kune rumwe rutivi, sezvo tembiricha inodiwa nemaitiro ekugadzira inoramba isina kuchinjika, tembiricha yehuni yekupisa chubhu madziro inokwira zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti chubhu yevira iite bundu uye kuputika, uye pakupedzisira kupisa kuburikidza nechoto chubhu, zvichikonzera kupisa kwevira. kubata moto uye kuputika, zvichikonzera tsaona dzakakomba sekukuvara kwemunhu kumidziyo nevashandisi. Mumakore achangopfuura, tsaona dzakadaro dzakajairika.

[4]. Zvinhu zvinokanganisa kubika
(1) Kupisa kwemafuta emhando
Mushure mekuongorora iyo iri pamusoro pekuita coking maitiro, inowanikwa kuti iyo oxidation kugadzikana uye kugadzikana kwekupisa kwemafuta ekupisa kupisa kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekumhanya kwekubika uye huwandu. Njodzi dzakawanda dzemoto uye kuputika dzinokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwekupisa uye oxidation kugadzikana kwemafuta ekupisa kupisa, izvo zvinokonzera coking yakakomba panguva yekushanda.
(2) Dhizaini uye kuiswa kwekudziya system
Iwo akasiyana ma paramita anopihwa nekudziya system dhizaini uye kana iyo yekumisikidza yemidziyo ine musoro inokanganisa zvakananga coking maitiro ekutamisa mafuta ekupisa.
Mamiriro ekuisa ega ega emidziyo akasiyana, ayo anozokanganisawo hupenyu hwekupisa mafuta ekufambisa. Kuiswa kwemidziyo kunofanirwa kuve kwakakodzera uye kugadziridzwa nenguva kunodiwa panguva yekutumwa kuti uwedzere hupenyu hwemafuta ekupisa.
(3) Kushanda kwezuva nezuva uye kuchengetedza kwekudziya system
Vakasiyana vanoshanda vane akasiyana chinangwa mamiriro akadai dzidzo uye tekinoroji level. Kunyangwe ivo vakashandisa imwechete yekudziya midziyo uye kupisa kupisa mafuta, yavo yekudzora mwero wekudziya system tembiricha uye chiyero chekuyerera haina kufanana.
Tembiricha ndiyo yakakosha parameter ye thermal oxidation reaction uye thermal polymerization reaction yemafuta ekupisa kupisa. Sezvo tembiricha inokwira, chiyero chekuita kweaya maitiro maviri anozowedzera zvakanyanya, uye tsika yekubika ichawedzerawo zvinoenderana.
Zvinoenderana neakakodzera dzidziso dzemakemikari engineering misimboti: sezvo nhamba yeReynolds inowedzera, mwero wekubika unodzikira. Iyo Reynolds nhamba inoenderana nekuyerera kweyero yemafuta ekupisa. Naizvozvo, iyo yakakura kuyerera kwemafuta ekutamisa kupisa, inononoka kubika.

[5]. Mhinduro dzekubika
Kuti udzikise kuumbwa kwekubika uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwebasa remafuta ekupisa, matanho anofanirwa kutorwa kubva pane zvinotevera:
(1) Sarudza kupisa kupisa kwemafuta emhando yakakodzera uye tarisa mafambiro ezviratidzo zvemuviri nemakemikari
Mafuta ekutamisa kupisa anokamurwa kuita mabhureki zvichienderana nekushisa kwekushandisa. Pakati pavo, mineral heat yekufambisa mafuta inonyanya kusanganisira matatu mhando: L-QB280, L-QB300 uye L-QC320, uye tembiricha yavo yekushandisa i280 ℃, 300 ℃ uye 320 ℃ zvichiteerana.
Mafuta ekupisa ekupisa emhando yakakodzera uye mhando inosangana neSH/T 0677-1999 "Heat Transfer Fluid" standard inofanira kusarudzwa maererano nekupisa kwekushisa kwegadziriro yekupisa. Parizvino, tembiricha yekushandiswa yakakurudzirwa yemamwe anotengeswa emafuta ekuchinjisa mafuta akasiyana chaizvo nemhedzisiro yekuyerwa, iyo inotsausa vashandisi uye njodzi dzekuchengetedza dzinoitika nguva nenguva. Inofanira kukwezva kutarisisa kweruzhinji rwevashandisi!
Mafuta ekutamisa kupisa anofanirwa kugadzirwa neyakacheneswa base oiri ine yakanakisa kupisa kugadzikana uye yakakwirira-tembiricha antioxidants uye anti-scaling additives. Iyo yakanyanya-temperature antioxidant inogona kunyatso kunonoka iyo oxidation uye kukora kwemafuta ekutamisa kupisa panguva yekushanda; iyo yepamusoro-tembiricha anti-scaling agent inogona kunyungudutsa coking mumachubhu echoto uye mapaipi, kuiparadzira mumafuta ekupisa, uye kuisefa kuburikidza nebypass sefa yehurongwa kuchengetedza machubhu echoto uye mapaipi zvakachena. Mushure memwedzi mitatu yega yega kana mwedzi mitanhatu yekushandiswa, iyo viscosity, flash point, acid kukosha uye kabhoni yakasara yemafuta ekupisa kupisa inofanira kuteverwa nekuongororwa. Kana maviri ezviratidzo achipfuura muganhu wakatarwa (carbon residue isingasviki 1.5%, acid value isingapfuuri 0.5mgKOH/g, flash point change rate isingapfuuri 20%, viscosity change rate isingapfuuri 15%), inofanirwa kutariswa kuwedzera mamwe mafuta matsva kana kutsiva mafuta ese.
(2) Kugadzirisa dhizaini uye kuiswa kwekudziya system
Dhizaini uye kuisirwa kupisa kwemafuta ekudziya system yekudziya kunofanirwa kunyatso kutevedzera dhizaini yemafuta anopisa dhizaini akagadzirwa nemadhipatimendi akakodzera kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda kwakachengeteka kweiyo yekudziya system.
(3) Misa mashandiro ezuva nezuva ekudziya system
Kushanda kwemazuva ese kweiyo yekudziya yemafuta ekudziya system kunofanirwa kunyatso kutevedzera kuchengetedza uye tekinoroji yekutarisisa mirau ye organic kupisa inotakura mavira akagadzirwa nemadhipatimendi akakodzera, uye kutarisa kuchinja kwemaitiro emaparamita senge tembiricha uye kuyerera kwemafuta ekupisa mukupisa. system chero nguva.
Mukushandiswa chaiko, avhareji tembiricha pakubuda kwechoto chekudziya inofanira kunge iri 20 ℃ yakaderera pane tembiricha yekushanda yemafuta ekupisa.
Tembiricha yemafuta ekutamisa kupisa mutangi yekuwedzera yeiyo yakavhurika system inofanirwa kunge yakaderera pane 60 ℃, uye tembiricha haifanire kudarika 180 ℃.
Kuyerera kwemafuta ekupisa kupisa muchoto chemafuta anopisa haafanire kunge akaderera kupfuura 2.5 m /s kuwedzera mhirizhonga yemafuta ekupisa, kuderedza ukobvu hweiyo yakamira yepasi pasi muyevha yekupisa muganhu uye convective kupisa kutamisa kupisa kwekudzivirira, uye kunatsiridza convective kupisa kwekufambisa coefficient kuzadzisa chinangwa chekusimudzira fluid kupisa kuchinjika.
(4) Kuchenesa kwegadziriro yekupisa
Thermal oxidation uye thermal polymerization zvigadzirwa zvinotanga kuita polymerized yakakwira-kabhoni viscous zvinhu zvinonamatira kumadziro epombi. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kubviswa nekuchenesa makemikari.
Iyo yakakwirira-kabhoni viscous zvinhu zvinowedzera kuumba zvisina kukwana graphitized deposits. Kemikari yekuchenesa inongoshanda kune zvikamu izvo zvisati zvave carbonized. Yakakwana graphitized coke inoumbwa. Kemikari kuchenesa haisisiri mhinduro kumhando iyi yezvinhu. Mechanical yekuchenesa inonyanya kushandiswa kunze kwenyika. Inofanira kuongororwa kakawanda panguva yekushandisa. Kana iyo yakaumbwa yakakwirira-kabhoni viscous zvinhu zvisati zvave nekabhoni, vashandisi vanogona kutenga makemikari ekuchenesa maajenti ekuchenesa.

[6]. Mhedziso
1. Iko kubikwa kwemafuta ekupisa kupisa panguva yekupisa kupisa kunobva kune zvinogadzirwa zve thermal oxidation reaction uye thermal polymerization reaction.
2. Iko kubikwa kwemafuta ekupisa kupisa kuchaita kuti kupisa kwekushisa kwekushisa kwegadziriro yekupisa kuderera, kupisa kwemhepo kunowedzera, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta kuwedzera. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, zvinotungamirira kune kuitika kwenjodzi dzakadai semoto, kuputika uye kukuvara kwemunhu mutyairi muchoto chekupisa.
3. Kuti udzivise kuumbwa kwekubika, kupisa kwemafuta kunogadzirwa nemafuta egasi akacheneswa neakanakisa kugadzikana kwekupisa uye kutonhora kwakanyanya kunopesana neoxidation uye anti-fouling additives inofanira kusarudzwa. Kune vashandisi, zvigadzirwa zvine tembiricha yekushandisa inotemwa nechiremera zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa.
4. Chigadziro chekupisa chinofanira kunge chakanyatsogadzirwa uye chakaiswa, uye kushanda kwezuva nezuva kwegadziriro yekupisa kunofanira kuenzaniswa panguva yekushandiswa. Iyo viscosity, flash point, kukosha kweasidhi uye yakasara kabhoni yemafuta ekutamisa kupisa mukushanda inofanirwa kuongororwa nguva nenguva kuti vaone kuchinja kwavo.
5. Mishonga yekuchenesa mishonga inogona kushandiswa kuchenesa coking iyo isati yave carbonized mumhepo inopisa.