[1]. Isingeniso
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokushisa zendabuko ezifana nokushisa okuqondile nokushisa kwe-steam, ukushisa amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa kunezinzuzo zokonga amandla, ukushisa okufanayo, ukunemba kokulawula izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukucindezela okuphansi kokusebenza, ukuphepha kanye nokulula. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngawo-1980, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa ezweni lami kuye kwathuthuka ngokushesha, futhi sekusetshenziswe kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zokushisa embonini yamakhemikhali, ukucutshungulwa kwe-petroleum, imboni ye-petrochemical, i-chemical fiber, indwangu, imboni yokukhanya, izinto zokwakha. , i-metallurgy, okusanhlamvu, uwoyela nokucubungula ukudla nezinye izimboni.
Lesi sihloko sidingida ngokuyinhloko ukwakheka, izingozi, izici ezithonya kanye nezixazululo zokupheka amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.

[2]. Ukwakhiwa kokupheka
Kukhona ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuthathu okuyinhloko kunqubo yokudlulisa ukushisa kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa: ukusabela kwe-oxidation eshisayo, ukuqhekeka okushisayo kanye nokusabela kwe-polymerization eshisayo. I-Coking ikhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-thermal oxidation kanye ne-thermal polymerization reaction.
Ukusabela kwe-thermal polymerization kwenzeka lapho uwoyela wokudlulisa ukushisa ushiswa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesistimu yokushisa. Ukusabela kuzokhiqiza ama-macromolecule abilayo aphezulu njenge-polycyclic enamakha hydrocarbon, ama-colloid ne-asphaltene, afaka kancane kancane phezu kwe-heater kanye nepayipi ukuze enze ukupheka.
Ukusabela kwe-oxidation eshisayo ikakhulukazi kwenzeka lapho amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa ethangini lokunweba lesistimu yokushisisa evulekile ethintana nomoya noma ebamba iqhaza ekujikelezeni. Ukusabela kuzokhiqiza ama-alcohol aphansi noma ama-high-molecular alcohols, ama-aldehydes, ama-ketone, ama-acids nezinye izakhi ezine-asidi, futhi kuqhubeke kukhiqize izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana ne-colloids ne-asphaltene ukuze zenze ukupheka; i-oxidation eshisayo ibangelwa izimo ezingavamile. Uma kwenzeka, izosheshisa ukuqhekeka okushisayo kanye nokusabela kwe-polymerization eshisayo, okubangela ukuthi i-viscosity ikhule ngokushesha, inciphise ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa, okubangela ukushisa ngokweqile kanye nokupheka kweshubhu lomlilo. Izinto ezine-asidi ezikhiqizwayo zizodala ukugqwala kwemishini nokuvuza.

[3]. Izingozi zokupheka
Ukupheka okukhiqizwa uwoyela odlulisa ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kuzokwakha isendlalelo se-insulation, okwenza ukuba i-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa yehle, izinga lokushisa lokukhipha ukushisa likhuphuke, futhi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwanda; ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba izinga lokushisa elidingwa inqubo yokukhiqiza lihlala lingashintshile, izinga lokushisa lodonga lweshubhu yesithando somlilo lizokhuphuka kakhulu, libangele ishubhu lesithando somlilo ukuba liqhume futhi liqhume, futhi ekugcineni lishise ngeshubhu lesithando somlilo, okubangela ukuba isithando somlilo siqhume. zibambe umlilo futhi ziqhume, zidale izingozi ezimbi njengokulimala komuntu siqu kumishini kanye nabaqhubi. Eminyakeni yamuva, izingozi ezinjalo bezivamile.

[4]. Izinto ezithinta ukupheka
(1) Ikhwalithi yamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa
Ngemva kokuhlaziya inqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-coking engenhla, kutholakala ukuthi ukuzinza kwe-oxidation nokuzinza kokushisa kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa kuhlobene eduze nesivinini sokupheka kanye nobuningi. Izingozi eziningi zomlilo neziqhumane zibangelwa ukungazinzi kahle kwe-thermal kanye nokuzinza kwe-oxidation yamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa, okubangela ukupheka okukhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
(2) Ukuklama nokufakwa kohlelo lokushisa
Amapharamitha ahlukahlukene anikezwe ukwakheka kwesistimu yokushisisa nokuthi ukufakwa kwemishini kunengqondo yini kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuthambekela kokupheka kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa.
Izimo zokufakwa kwemishini ngayinye zihlukile, okuzophinde kuthinte impilo yamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa. Ukufakwa kwezinto zokusebenza kufanele kube okunengqondo futhi ukulungiswa okufika ngesikhathi kuyadingeka ngesikhathi sokuthunywa ukuze kunwetshwe impilo kawoyela wokudlulisa ukushisa.
(3) Ukusebenza kwansuku zonke nokugcinwa kwesistimu yokufudumeza
Ama-opharetha ahlukene anemibandela yenhloso ehlukene njengemfundo nezinga lobuchwepheshe. Ngisho noma basebenzisa imishini yokushisa efanayo kanye namafutha okudlulisa ukushisa, izinga labo lokulawula ukushisa kwesistimu yokushisa kanye nesilinganiso sokugeleza akufani.
Izinga lokushisa liyipharamitha ebalulekile ye-thermal oxidation reaction kanye ne-thermal polymerization reaction yamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, izinga lokusabela lalokhu kusabela okubili lizokhula kakhulu, futhi ukuthambekela kokupheka kuzokwanda ngokufanele.
Ngokwemibono efanelekile yezimiso zobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali: njengoba inombolo kaReynolds ikhula, izinga lokupheka liyancipha. Inombolo ye-Reynolds ilingana nezinga lokugeleza lamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, lapho izinga lokugeleza likhulu lamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa, ukupheka kuhamba kancane.

[5]. Izixazululo zokupheka
Ukuze unciphise ukwakheka kwe-coking futhi wandise impilo yesevisi yamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa, izinyathelo kufanele zithathwe kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
(1) Khetha uwoyela odlulisa ukushisa womkhiqizo ofanelekile futhi uqaphe ukuthambekela kwezinkomba zawo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali
Amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa ahlukaniswe ngemikhiqizo ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa lokusetshenziswa. Phakathi kwazo, uwoyela wokudlulisa ukushisa kwamaminerali ikakhulukazi uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu: L-QB280, L-QB300 ne-L-QC320, futhi amazinga okushisa okusetshenziswa kwawo angama-280 ℃, 300 ℃ no-320 ℃ ngokulandelana.
Amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa omkhiqizo ofanelekile kanye nekhwalithi ehlangabezana nezinga le-SH/T 0677-1999 "I-Heat Transfer Fluid" kufanele akhethwe ngokuvumelana nezinga lokushisa lokushisa kwesistimu yokushisisa. Njengamanje, izinga lokushisa elinconywayo lokusetshenziswa kwamanye amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa atholakala ngokwentengiso lihluke kakhulu emiphumeleni yokulinganisa yangempela, edukisa abasebenzisi kanye nezingozi zokuphepha zenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Kufanele idonse ukunaka kweningi labasebenzisi!
Amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa kufanele enziwe ngamafutha esisekelo acwengekile anokuqina okuhle kakhulu kokushisa kanye nama-antioxidants asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezithasiselo zokulwa nokukala. I-antioxidant yokushisa ephezulu ingabambezela ngokuphumelelayo i-oxidation nokuqina kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusebenza; i-ejenti evimbela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ingancibilikisa i-coking kumashubhu eziko nasemapayipini, ikuhlakaze emafutheni okudlulisa ukushisa, futhi ikuhlunge ngesihlungi se-bypass sohlelo ukuze kugcinwe amashubhu eziko namapayipi kuhlanzekile. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu noma izinyanga eziyisithupha zokusetshenziswa, i-viscosity, i-flash point, inani le-asidi kanye nensalela ye-carbon yamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa kufanele kulandelelwe futhi kuhlaziywe. Lapho izinkomba ezimbili zeqa umkhawulo oshiwo (izinsalela zekhabhoni ezingekho ngaphezu kuka-1.5%, inani le-asidi elingekho ngaphezu kuka-0.5mgKOH/g, izinga lokushintsha iphuzu le-flash elingekho ngaphezu kuka-20%, izinga lokushintsha kwe-viscosity lingekho ngaphezu kwe-15%), kufanele kucatshangelwe ukwengeza amafutha amasha noma esikhundleni sawo wonke amafutha.
(2) Ukuklama okunengqondo nokufakwa kwesistimu yokufudumeza
Ukuklama nokufakwa kwesistimu yokushisa amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa kufanele kulandele ngokuqinile imithethonqubo yokuklama isithando somlilo esishisayo esakhiwe yiminyango efanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile kwesistimu yokushisa.
(3) Linganisa ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kwesistimu yokushisisa
Ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kwesistimu yokushisisa uwoyela oshisayo kufanele kulandele ngokuqinile imithethonqubo yokuphepha kanye nokugadwa kobuchwepheshe yezithando zomlilo ezithwala ukushisa ezakhiwe yiminyango efanele, futhi kuqashwe ukuguquguquka kwezindlela zamapharamitha njengezinga lokushisa nokugeleza kukawoyela oshisayo ekushiseni. uhlelo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi endaweni yokuphuma kwesithando sokushisa kufanele okungenani libe ngaphansi kuka-20℃ kunezinga lokushisa elisebenzayo likawoyela wokudlulisa ukushisa.
Izinga lokushisa lamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa ethangini lokunweba lesistimu evulekile kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-60 ℃, futhi izinga lokushisa akufanele lidlule i-180 ℃.
Izinga lokugeleza kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa esithandweni somlilo esishisayo akufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-2.5 m/s ukuze kwandiswe isiyaluyalu samafutha okudlulisa ukushisa, kunciphise ukushuba kongqimba olungezansi olumile kungqimba lomngcele wokudlulisa ukushisa kanye ukudluliswa kokushisa kwe-convective ukumelana nokushisa, nokuthuthukisa i-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa okuguquguqukayo ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kokushisa koketshezi.
(4) Ukuhlanza uhlelo lokushisa
Imikhiqizo ye-oxidation eshisayo kanye ne-thermal polymerization yenza kuqala izinto ze-polymerized high-carbon viscous ezinamathela odongeni lwamapayipi. Izinto ezinjalo zingasuswa ngokuhlanza amakhemikhali.
Izinto ezinekhabhoni ephezulu ye-viscous ziqhubeka zenza amadiphozithi angenamfanekiso ngokuphelele. Ukuhlanza amakhemikhali kusebenza kuphela ezingxenyeni ezingakenziwa ikhabhoni. I-coke eyenziwe nge-graphitized ngokuphelele iyakhiwa. Ukuhlanza ngamakhemikhali akusesona isixazululo salolu hlobo lwento. Ukuhlanza ngomshini kusetshenziswa kakhulu phesheya. Kufanele ihlolwe kaningi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Lapho izinto ezenziwe ngekhabhoni ephezulu ye-viscous zingakenziwa ikhabhoni, abasebenzisi bangathenga ama-agent okuhlanza amakhemikhali ukuze ahlanzwe.

[6]. Isiphetho
1. Ukuphekwa kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokudlulisa ukushisa kuvela emikhiqizweni yokusabela kwe-thermal oxidation reaction kanye ne-thermal polymerization reaction.
2. Ukuphekwa kwamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa kuzobangela ukuba i-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa yesistimu yokushisisa yehle, izinga lokushisa le-exhaust likhuphuke, futhi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kukhuphuke. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuzoholela ekuveleni kwezingozi ezifana nomlilo, ukuqhuma kanye nokulimala komuntu siqu komqhubi esithandweni sokushisa.
3. Ukuze unciphise ukwakheka kwe-coking, amafutha okudlulisa ukushisa alungiselelwe ngamafutha ayisisekelo acwengekile ngokuzinza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-anti-oxidation kanye nezithasiselo eziphikisana ne-fouling kufanele kukhethwe. Kubasebenzisi, imikhiqizo izinga lokushisa lokusetshenziswa kwayo elinqunywa igunya kufanele ikhethwe.
4. Isistimu yokushisa kufanele iklanywe ngokunengqondo futhi ifakwe, futhi ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kwesistimu yokushisa kufanele kufane ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. I-viscosity, iphoyinti elikhanyayo, inani le-asidi nekhabhoni esele yamafutha okudlulisa ukushisa asebenzayo kufanele ihlolwe njalo ukuze kubhekwe ukuguquguquka kwazo.
5. Ama-agent okuhlanza amakhemikhali angasetshenziswa ukuhlanza i-coking engakabi yi-carbonized ohlelweni lokushisa.